Addendum

Notes 1. "Blush makeup is fast-fix beauty, it warms up the skin, contours the cheek, exaggerates an attractive hollow, and ideally creates a glow on your face that looks like it comes from within."

2. Darwin said that "blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions."

3. Frequent facial blushing and persistant redness are the earliest signs of rosacea.

4. About 13 million people in America have rosacea, which means about 1 in every 20 people

5. Rosacea is commonly mistaken for acne vulgaris, but the treatments for acne vulgaris could make rosacea even worse.

6. "The disease is more frequently diagnosed in women, but more severe symptoms tend to be seen in men."

7. Although rosacea can include harsh symptoms such as burning, swelling, pimples, dry skin, visible blood vessels, the social anxiety that comes along with it is often more damaging.

8. Yellow or "green-tinted foundation can be used to counter redness."

9. Rosacea patients "are advised to clean their face with a mild and non-abrasive cleanser, then rinse with lukewarm water and blot the face dry with a thick cotton towel."

10. Researchers asked 56 female undergraduates to sing "I Will Survive." They told half the volunteers that they were blushing, and the other half that they didn't. After being told they were blushing, the first group blushed even more.

11. "A survey by the National Rosacea Society has found that 54% of 741 people with rosacea said that they had curtailed their social lives because of the condition. In addition, over 58% of respondents said that they had suffered rudeness such as stares, comments, and jokes from others in response to their reddish faces.”

12. Major triggers include intense UV rays, cold weather, spicy foods, alcohol, exercise, or hot showers.

13. Emotional stress is the second most common trigger, since 79% of 1,066 patients claimed to have their rosacea aggravated by it. Therefore, rosacea patients that are stressed out by their appearance will experience the same vicious cycle as those who blush.

14. Although the social anxiety disorder may accompany severe blushing, the specific phobia for the fear of blushing is called Erythrophobia.

15. Some studies have found that people act positively to blushing. It could be a sign of submitting to authority, and convinces others to appease the blusher’s wrongdoings.

16. There are definite genetic ties to the tendency to blush and especially rosacea. "Nearly 40 percent of rosacea patients surveyed by the National Rosacea Society said they could name a relative who had similar symptoms."

17. Whenever someone blushes, "there is an increase in the diameter of the capillaries--the smallest diameter blood vessels that bridge the arterial and venous system and that are the sites of vascular exchange--underlying the affected skin area."

18. Prerosacea can be diagnosed as early as the teenage years, which could give the person a head start for treatment and preventing a major flare-up.

19. Fair-skinned individuals blush more vividly because the blood is very visible through the lack of pigment, and they are more prone to rosacea.

20. Topical and oral antibiotics of the tetracycline family can be used as an anti-inflammatory, which may reduce facial swelling and redness.

21. "The young blush much more freely than the old," and "women blush much more than men."

22. "Dermatologists can usually rid the face of these enlarged blood vessels by destroying them with an electrical needle or a laser."

23. "Many people don't see a doctor because they don't realize they have a condition that can be treated."

24. "The best laser treatment commonly available at this time is the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. This beams an intense yellow-green light at the problem--the exact color that will be absorbed by red blood cells. The light passes harmlessly through normal skin. When it reaches the red blood cells in each tiny blood vessel, it vaporizes them, sealing the vessel shut. The vessel that was visible is reabsorbed by your skin. The pulsed dye laser can do very little harm, but it can still leave you with little bruises that last about two weeks at the site of each laser dot."

25. "The terms "redcoat" (British soldier in the American Revolution) and "red" (synonym for "communist") gave Americans valid reasons to fear red. Other terms with "red" that have a negative connotation include "redeye" (an overnight air flight), "caught red-handed" (caught with evidence of guilt) "red-herring" (a deceptive tactic), "red ink" (a financial loss) and "seeing red" (angry). " []

26. The most straightforward way to stop blushing is to avoid the triggers. However, this could take away from someone's quality of life.

27. Natural ways to treat rosacea include washing one's face with oat extracts and green tea, which reduce redness.

28. “Dr. Richard Gallo...noted that the immune system produces peptides that are a natural defense against the presence of bacteria. He and his colleagues found that a particular type of peptide known as a cathelicidin is present in the skin of rosacea patients and can cause some symptoms of rosacea, such as inflammation, redness and increased blood vessel growth."

29. When one blushes, it is a sign that they have broken a social normality. However, people who are especially emotional can blush in situations where they do not have a real reason to be embarrassed.

30. People who blush easily may turn down job promotions because they cannot handle the increase of social interations, which could cost them thousands of dollars in their salary.

31. Beta-blockers can provide vasoconstriction to ease blushing, and are also used to reduce the intensity of social anxiety disorder. They "can be helpful when blushing occurs in very specific situations; for example, when a person only turns red when speaking in public. In this case, he would take medication occasionally, one or two hours before his presentation. On the other hand, if blushing could occur at any given moment, depending on certain events or occurrences over which the person has no control (for instance, someone playing an unexpected prank on the person in school), medication would have little possibility of yielding results."

32. An Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy involves cutting the sympathetic nerve, which is responsible for blushing. However, it "should only be considered as a last resort for treatment of resistant cases that don't improve significantly through conventional therapy."

33. Social anxiety disorder involves "paralyzing fear of humiliation or being judged negatively," which connects to people who are afraid of blushing, because they will avoid social situations to keep from being embarrassed.

34. Part of the evolutionary purpose of blushing was probably to show romantic interest in a mate. Therefore, blushing would also signify that either of the mates was sexually mature, while a pale complexion may be a sign of an illness. - Rosacea patients also appear flushed, but they often feel less inclined to be sexually active. ([])

35. "Cognitive-behavioral treatment studies have proven to be very effective in reducing distress and anxiety, as well as blushing itself, in chronic blushers. Treatment involves correction of negative beliefs about how others regard blushing and how visible one’s own blushing really is, and it promotes exposure to and confrontation with feared situations. Patients learn to focus on the social situation itself and to tolerate blushing. Once anxiety is reduced, blushing itself will occur less frequently."

36. "Blushing becomes a psychological problem, however, when a frequent blusher becomes socially phobic (intensely fearful) about blushing. People with fear of blushing experience the blush as exceptionally distressing and anxiety provoking. Out of fear of blushing, they avoid social situations and are willing to accept severe negative consequences of that avoidance. Others experience very high discomfort in normally enjoyable situations." (Explicit proof of social anxiety disorder relating to blushing)

37. "Hypnosis can help to stop blushing in a number of different ways. Hypnotherapy can work with your unconscious mind to program in new, positive unconscious reactions to these external triggers to make blushing a thing of the past. Hypnosis can also help to control blushing by helping you to feel less uncomfortable in situations where you are prone to becoming flushed. A good hypnotherapist can work with you to build your confidence and assertiveness so that you are less likely to feel vulnerable and respond by blushing."

38. Dry skin can be softened with pure jojoba, avocado, grapeseed, or primrose oil. Vitamin B and maple sap can be especially effective when fighting inflammation.

39. Even if one has a serious case of rosacea, they can ask their "dermatologist about a cream containing azelaic acid, which is found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley."

40. "In surveys conducted by the National Rosacea Society, many patients cited the following ingredients as triggers for irritation: alcohol (66 percent), witch hazel (30 percent), fragrance (30 percent), menthol (21 percent), peppermint (14 percent) and eucalyptus oil (13 percent)."

41. Sometimes, simple mental strategies can help stop severe blushing. For example, trying to make oneself blush can actually make one blush less, because usually not wanting to blush fuels blushing...

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